The single dorsal fin contains four to six spines and 15 to 19 soft rays; the anal fin contains three spines and 10 to 12 soft rays. To save time I do not thaw, and simply place the ingredients on top of the fish (must bake longer). 838. This species was first fished commercially off New Zealand, and then later off of Australia. Texture Guide A delicate textured fish will be a smaller flaked meat, the medium texture fish is firm, but tender and the firm textured fish is much like a tender beef steak. Annual global catches of orange roughy began in 1979 and increased significantly to a high of over 90,000 tonnes in the late 1980s. Orange roughy is a fish that averages high mercury levels -- between 0.265 and 1.120 parts per million. By the end of the 1990s, three of the eight New Zealand orange roughy fisheries had collapsed and were closed. 81.22g vs 75.67g [18], A number of orange roughy stocks live outside the jurisdiction of any particular nation, making it more challenging to limit overall catches. These FIPs are public and have been monitored by the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership. It was the New Zealanders who launched the marketing effort for the fish formerly known as slimehead — a distinct marketing handicap. These organizations have made progress on collecting better information on total orange roughy catches and also setting catch limits for fisheries on the high seas. In 2014, the US imported around 1,455 tonnes (4.4 million lb) (mainly fillets) from New Zealand, China, Peru and Indonesia. 61–112. So I thought I would make up a fish tasting chart for other readers to use as a reference. All rights reserved. Bangkok, Thailand, 21–23 November 2006. Under this system, individuals or companies own quota shares for a stock of a particular species or species group. The fertilized eggs, which are said to be 2.0–2.5 millimetres (0.079–0.098 in), (and later larvae) are planktonic, rising to around 200 m (660 ft) to develop, with the young fish eventually descending to deeper waters as they mature. This inverse feeding pattern may be an example of resource-partitioning to avoid intraspecific competition for the available food at depths where prey is less abundant. After the Kiwis persuaded the Food and Drug Administration to allow use of the name orange roughy, it soon become New Zealand’s most valuable finfish species. I have made this recipe many times with great results. Catch limits for those fisheries are currently consistent with the outputs of the agreed Harvest Control Rule. 1. Recipe: Sunflower Seed-Crusted Orange Roughy The New Zealand fishing industry contracted a pre-assessment of selected orange roughy fisheries against the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Fisheries Standard in 2009. The orange roughy's metabolic phases are thought to be related to seasonal variations in prey concentrations. [16][17] Compared to most edible fish, orange roughy are a very poor source of omega-3 fatty acids, averaging less than 3.5 g/kg. Bake at 375 for 20 minutes (or until fish is done), then broil for 5 minutes to get top crispy and brown. Females rarely produce more than 90,000 eggs in one lifetime. This, combined with heavy commercial demand, has focused criticism from both environmentalists and media.[22][23][24]. Rome, FAO. Why is Atlantic Cod (raw) better than Orange Roughy (raw)? Even though I am not a fish lover, it was so good that I gobbled it up. It is important to commercial deep-trawl fisheries. [14] Based on average consumption and the recommendations of a National Marine Fisheries Service study, in 1976, the FDA set the maximum safe mercury level for fish at 1 ppm. Product Profile: Orange roughy has a mild, delicate flavor and moist, … These aggregations form in and around geologic structures, such as undersea canyons and seamounts, where water movement and mixing is high, ensuring dense prey concentrations. Before cooking, soak the fish in milk for 20 minutes. The AOS also has the potential to allow scientists to see in real-time video, what is being measured by the survey. In February 2008, the High Court overturned the new quota, ruling the Minister of Fisheries did not have the legal power to set quotas for ORH1. A key factor was the use of new acoustic technology, developed by the fishing industry, in recent surveys. 722,270 suggested recipes. [21], Orange roughy is fished almost exclusively by bottom trawling. The maturation age used in stock assessments ranges from 23–40 years,[4] which limits population growth/recovery, because each new generation takes so long to start spawning. Which makes it nice to use with a sauce. They are also 3 fish that a new study, released in the journal “Science,” says are part of the 63% of the sea’s fish that are in danger and below healthy levels. Add in dill and stir well. Further to this, a Harvest Control Rule was agreed that would define what catch limits should be given an estimate of stock status. [28] By late 2017, a number of Australian orange roughy fisheries had been re-opened.[29]. Great recipe, though. New Zealand currently operates the largest orange roughy fisheries in the world, with a total catch of over 8,500 tonnes in the 2014 calendar year. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. The Chatham Rise and Challenger stocks were assessed separately from all other areas. Place fillets on an ungreased shallow baking pan. 5 Fish That Your Taste Buds, Your Wallet, And Mother Nature Will Thank You For Eating ... including shark Atlantic cod and orange roughy. There's no real reason to buy orange roughy even if it is available. The fourth stock was estimated to be at a low stock status and the TAC was reduced by over 40% to allow the stock to rebuild. Lack, M., Short, K. & Willock, A., 2003. This page was last edited on 2 December 2020, at 16:57. The Australian orange roughy fishery was not discovered until the 1970s, but by 2008, the biomass of some stocks remained high while others was estimated to be down to 10% of the unfished level after years of commercial fishing. Morgan, L.E., Norse, E.A., Roger, A.D., Haedrich, R.L. Soaking fish in vinegar for any length of time will change its texture substantially and overwhelm its mild taste. In July 2020, a US-based MSC consultancy (conformity assessment body or CAB) acting for a group of Australian eastern zone orange roughy quota holders, recommended that the orange roughy eastern zone stock be given Marine Stewardship Council accreditation, scoring the fishery and its management highly in each of the three assessment principles. Roughy is a deepwater species taken by trawls at depths of up to 700 fathoms. What is white roughy fish and what does it taste like and is it the same as orange roughy? Preheat grill to medium (300°F to 350°F). Trends In Ecology and Evolution 17(5): 242-245, NRC (National Research Council) (2002). Broil 3-4 minutes longer or until fish flakes easily with a fork (do not turn). Clark, M.R. These aggregations form in and around geologic structures, such as undersea canyons and seamounts, where water movement and mixing is high, ensuring dense prey concentrations. In the dark, cold waters 600 meters (nearly 2000 feet) below the ocean's surface, things happen slowly. It is easy and good for you. In: Report and documentation of the Expert Consultation on Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas. The pectoral fins contain 15 to 18 soft rays each; the pelvic fins are thoracic and contain one spine and six soft rays; the caudal fin is forked. – the example of orange roughy (. [11] However, others have argued that deepwater fisheries can be managed sustainably provided it is recognized that sustainable yields are low and catches are set accordingly.[12][13]. South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation, "Hoplostethus atlanticus — Orange Roughy, Deep-sea Perch, Red Roughy", "Diet and food consumption of a deep-sea fish, orange roughy, "Managing risk and uncertainty in deep-sea fisheries: lessons from Orange Roughy", "Orange roughy fishery report recommends 'sustainable seafood' status - but is slammed by conservation groups", "Updating the Existing Risk Management Strategy for Mercury in Retail Fish – Canada.ca", "Techno-economic data on Mercury and major compounds", "South Pacific Regional Management Organisation", "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture – Regional fishery bodies (RFB)". In such a cold and pressurized environment, mating is not a frequent activity. Consuming large amounts of orange roughy can cause mercury to accumulate in your body, resulting in neurological problems, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The certification remains before an independent MSC arbitrator. Diversified Communications | 121 Free Street, Portland, ME 04101 | +1 207-842-5500. Brush each fillet with oil and season with garlic powder, onion powder, and salt and pepper to taste. As a result of this decision, the Fisheries Act 1996 was amended to allow TACs to be set based on the best available information in the absence of an estimate of the biomass that could support the maximum sustainable yield. Uncooked orange roughy will have a pearly white meat, with the skin side sometimes showing a orange to brown color. FAO Fisheries Report. Early estimates of 149 years were determined via radiometric dating of trace isotopes found in an orange roughy's otolith (ear bone);[5] counting by the growth rings of orange roughy otoliths gave estimated ages of 125 to 156 years. Sellers like it because it retains its eating quality even when frozen. Combine spreadable fruit, butter and mustard; spoon over fillets. Deep impact: the rising toll of fishing in the deep sea. The multi-frequency acoustic optical system (AOS) enables scientists to differentiate the types of fish acoustically ‘seen’ during the survey and works on slopes that previously made effective surveying impossible in some areas. Top with tomatoes, seasoned salt and garlic powder. Are deepwater fisheries sustainable? Due to its longevity, the orange roughy accumulates large amounts of mercury in its tissues,[3] having a range of 0.30–0.86 ppm compared with an average mercury level of 0.086 ppm for other edible fish. Sea bass is an excellent choice for people with a sensitive palate that don’t enjoy “fishy tasting” seafood. The stock assessments used data collected by research surveys carried out by research organizations and the fishing industry. This was later found not to be the case and a number of fisheries were closed completely or had catch limits reduced to 1 tonne to allow the stocks to rebuild. In addition, an industry sponsored Management Strategy Evaluation[26] was completed which provided an estimate of the biomass that could support the maximum sustainable yield (≈25–27% of the unfished biomass). Orange Roughy is a very white and flaky fish that has a … Pour 1 tablespoon wine and 1 teaspoon lemon juice over each fillet. 2005. Join the discussion today. Orange roughy averages 3 1/2 pounds, and the fillet size is generally 6 to 8 ounces. Orange Roughy are fish that have bright reddish-orange skin and fins, with rough, bluish-tinged scales on its belly underneath. 7.33% higher water content per 100g? The time between fertilization and hatching is thought to be 10 to 20 days; fecundity is low, with each female producing only 22,000 eggs per kg of body weight, less than 10% of the average for other species of fish. The eyes are large. quick and delicious seafood recipe that can be prepared and ready to eat within 30 minutes. Broil 4-6 in. The flesh is moist, buttery, and tender, with firm medium-sized flakes like haddock. Found only in the deep cold waters (700 fathoms) of New Zealand and Australia, the age of the orange roughy fish caught is 30 to 50 years old. [15] Regular consumption of orange roughy can have adverse effects on health. by Gwenn (38) Mediterranean Style Orange Roughy. MSC's decision to allow objections from two eNGOs who did not engage in the more than year long process has raised questions about the independence and credibility of the standard. by shimmerchk (21) Orange Roughy … [1], Orange roughy are oceanodromous (wholly marine), pelagic spawners: that is, they migrate several hundred kilometers between localized spawning and feeding areas each year and form large spawning aggregations (possibly segregated according to gender) wherein the fish release large, spherical eggs 2.25 mm (0.089 in) in diameter, made buoyant by an orange-red oil globule) and sperm en masse directly into the water. & Maxwell, S.M. Following the pre-assessment, the industry representative body (Deepwater Group Ltd) put four orange roughy fisheries into Fishery Improvement Plans (FIPs) to deliver improvements in the fisheries that would enable them to meet the certification requirements of the MSC. This accounts for 95% of the total estimated global catch of orange roughy. The TACs for these stocks were subsequently increased. Can deep water fisheries be managed sustainably? Managing risk and uncertainty in deep-sea fisheries:lessons from orange roughy, TRAFFIC Oceania and WWF Australia, Sydney. Why it's bad: “These guys have to stay on the list,” says Cufone. How does sea bass taste? & Mace, P.M. 2007. Orange roughy has been managed within the QMS since 1986. However, environmental groups the Australian Marine Conservation Society and World Wildlife Fund have raised late objections, saying that the consultants' report had underestimated the impact of bottom-trawling on seamounts.[7]. Instantly valued for their soft, moist white flesh and mild taste, stocks crashed rapidly. The 19 to 25 ventral scutes (modified scales) form a hard, bony median ridge between the pelvic fins and anus. The orange roughy is notable for its extraordinary lifespan, attaining over 200 years. from the heat for 5-6 minutes. A number of major food retailers have established seafood sustainability policies to reassure customers that they are stocking sustainable seafood. This was due to strict interpretation of the Fisheries Act which required an accurate estimation of the biomass that could support the maximum sustainable yield. The aggregations are not necessarily for spawning or feeding; the fish are thought to cycle through metabolic phases (active or feeding and inactive or resting) and seek areas with ideal hydrologic conditions to congregate during each phase. my 9 yr old, loves it. It is also called Red roughy, deep sea perch, slimehead, rosy soldier fish, range roughy and orange ruff. I've used it with tilapia, cod, halibut and...of course, orange roughy. [27] It was the first commercially sought fish to appear on Australia's endangered species list because of overfishing. When commercial fishing of orange roughy began in the 1970s, they were thought to live for only 30 years. The 2014 stock assessments,[25] which were subject to a robust peer review process, indicated that three of the stocks had recovered enough to sustain increased catches. The fish is distinctive, with its bright-orange skin, spiky fins and bony head. The rate of this ‘fish down’ can vary depending on the objectives of the fishery, but catches would then be more strictly controlled to maintain the biomass at around 40,000 tonnes. Thick slabs, or extra-firm fish such as … Additionally, the average age of roughy caught in commercial fishing nets is from 30 to 50 years, which translates into a slow replacement rate and a high susceptibility to overfishing. With roughy, the darker the meat, the lower the quality. Those are new, tastier-sounding names for fish that otherwise wouldn’t have much market value. The consumption of fish is the opposite: juvenile consumption decreases with depth while adult consumption increases. The moist, mild and delicate flavor of the orange roughy has made it very popular. Read the Is this fish ok to eat-fishy smell discussion from the Chowhound General Discussion, Snapper food community. Orange roughy has a mild, delicate flavor and moist, large-flaked meat that holds together well after cooking. [1] Orange roughy caught near Tasmania have been aged at 250 years. Sprinkle each fillet with basil. However, persistent mislabelling by fishmongers (esp as 'Deep Sea Perch') may mislead people into unwillingly purchasing this fish. Skip. This species, also known as the Atlantic roughy, is one of the longest living marine fish species, with individuals living for more than 150 years. I don't fix the tartar sauce as with only 1 using it(I don't like tartar sauces)more economical to simply buy. This is a very simple. Sea bass is a white fish that has a mild delicate flavor with a subtle sweetness that is similar to grouper or cod. The interior of the mouth and gill cavity is a bluish black; the mouth itself is large and strongly oblique. Mediterranean Baked Fish Sue's home kitchen. All fish contain mercury, but fish that eat other fish and fish with long lives, such as orange roughy, tend to be higher in the toxin than small fish with short life spans. The UK Marine Conservation Society has categorized orange roughy as "vulnerable to exploitation". This is the only way I make fish now. Place orange roughy fillets in baking dish; turn to coat with margarine. Last updated Nov 22, 2020. It is found in Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Western Pacific Ocean, Eastern Pacific off Chile and Indo Pacific. Orange roughy are generally sluggish and demersal; they form aggregations with a natural population density of up to 2.5 fish per m2, now reduced to about 1.0 per m2. For example, juvenile consumption of crustaceans is lowest at 900 metres (3,000 ft) but increases with depth, while crustaceans in the adult diet peak at 800–1,000 metres (2,600–3,300 ft) and decrease with depth. Orange roughy are generally sluggish and demersal; they form aggregations with a natural population density of up to 2.5 fish per m , now reduced to about 1.0 per m . For each stock, a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) is set which maintains the stock at or above a level that can produce the maximum sustainable yield or will move the stock towards that level. Cover with foil. Imported Catfish. I keep frozen orange roughy from wholesale club on hand because everyone, esp. For the New Zealand orange roughy fisheries, productivity parameters and resulting estimates of unfished biomass were incorrectly estimated in the first decade of the fishery. Predators include large, deep-roving sharks, cutthroat eels, merluccid hakes, and snake mackerels. This fishing method has been heavily criticized by environmentalists for its destructive nature. Some fish absorb higher amounts of methyl mercury than others. In this scenario, the protein in the milk binds with the compounds that cause that fishy odor, in essence extracting if from the fish. Baked Fish Orange Roughy Recipes 722,270 Recipes. Place fillets on large sheet of heavy-duty aluminum foil. Then sprinkle with the Parmesan. I substitute olive oil for butter, do … When active, juveniles feed primarily on zooplankton such as mysid shrimp, euphausiids (krill), mesopelagic and benthopelagic fish, amphipods, and other crustaceans; mature adults consume smaller fish, predominantly of the Butterflyfish and Lanternfish families, and squid which make up to 20% of their diet. In large bowl combine cabbage, lime juice, vinegar, mayonnaise, and salt and pepper to taste. ... which he says taste … The scales are ctenoid and adherent. This recipe uses an egg white and lemon-pepper mixture, and the fish is first dipped in that so it’s nice and wet before putting in … [10], A 2003 joint report by the TRAFFIC Oceania and World Wildlife Foundation Endangered Seas Program argues, "probably no such thing [exists] as an economically viable deep-water fishery that is also sustainable”. Which kind of fish would you like in the recipe? The meat of the orange roughy is tolerant of most cooking methods, except deep frying and grilling, and works well with almost any seasoning or sauce. The orange roughy is a predatory species that lives on deep seamounts (undersea mountains) in most ocean basins around the world. Orange roughy contains a mean of 0.571 parts per million, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. What I like is that it works great with so many fish! “If there’s nothing … In 2010, Greenpeace International added orange roughy (deep sea perch) to its seafood red list, which contains fish generally sourced from unsustainable fisheries. Fish Fillets Cod Sole Monkfish Sardines Any Type of Fish. It turns orange all over when it’s dead. The 20 Best ALDI Finds for November Are All About Cookies & Thanksgiving Sissenwine, M.P. In a bowl, mix mayo, lemon, lime and mustard. orange roughy, fresh parsley, pepper, onion, mushrooms, garlic salt and 2 more Crispy Orange Roughy Taste of Home salt, lemon juice, olive oil, orange roughy… In 2014, Bayesian model-based stock assessments were completed for four of New Zealand's main orange roughy stocks, one of which had been closed to fishing since 2000. Why the world needs a time-out on high-seas bottom trawling. Orange roughy are very slow-growing and do not begin to breed until they are at least 20 years old, when they are around 30 cm (12 in) in length.[3]. 2007. pp. Other research-derived data were also critical to the success of the stock assessments, notably age-frequencies from improved ageing methods. The South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation[19] (SPRFMO) and the South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement[20] have orange roughy stocks which are managed within their jurisdiction. It is found in 3 to 9 °C (37 to 48 °F), deep (bathypelagic, 180-to-1,800-metre (590 to 5,910 ft)) waters of the Western Pacific Ocean, eastern Atlantic Ocean (from Iceland to Morocco; and from Walvis Bay, Namibia, to off Durban, South Africa), Indo-Pacific (off New Zealand and Australia), and in the eastern Pacific off Chile. Fisheries in New Zealand are managed through the Quota Management System (QMS). The orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), also known as the red roughy, slimehead and deep sea perch, is a relatively large deep-sea fish belonging to the slimehead family (Trachichthyidae). The average commercial catch size is commonly between 35 and 45 centimetres (14 and 18 in) in length, again, varying by area. The orange roughy is not a vertically slender fish. Well, if you’ve eaten Orange roughy, Chilean Sea Bass or Monkfish then you have. Set aside. Raw orange roughy flesh is pearly white, and it cooks up to an opaque white.The skin side of the fillets often sports a faint, orange-brown band of color. (2005). The fish is a bright, brick-red color, fading to a yellowish-orange after death. [6] One specimen caught 1500 km east of Wellington in 2015 was estimated to be over 230 years old. For example, SPRFMO limited orange roughy catches and effort from 2007. In May 2014, three orange roughy fisheries entered full assessment against the Marine Stewardship Council Fisheries Standard. Orange roughy has a moderate oil content, which helps the meat retain moisture during cooking. The inactive phase conserves energy during lean periods. Bipartisan COVID relief plan calls for more fishery support, Conservation groups file petition calling for gear ban to protect right whales, Indonesian fisheries minister arrested in baby lobster export probe, MSC suspending certification for all Atlanto-Scandian herring and blue whiting, DSAR Requests / Do Not Sell My Personal Info. Basic cooking techniques and tips for Pan Fring Orange Roughy Fish Effects of trawling and dredging on seafloor habitat. [2] Spawning may last up to three weeks and starts around June or July. Stocks are now recovering, and no longer considered subject to overfishing. [1] Due to its longevity, late maturation, and relatively low fecundity, orange roughy stocks tend to recover slower than most other species. You may unsubscribe from our mailing list at any time. [1] Since the 1990s, however, there is clear evidence that this species lives to an exceptional age. Based on this output, the fishing industry agreed to aim to maintain the orange roughy stocks within a management target range of 30–50% of the unfished biomass. Fish Taste Chart I had a reader ask for a list of mild tasting fish and their texture. (2002). Historically, the United States has been the largest consumer of orange roughy, however, in recent years, the market for orange roughy in China has increased significantly. As for many fisheries, fisheries management settings allow for a ‘fishing down’ period where the biomass is reduced to a level that will provide the maximum sustainable yield. © 2020 Diversified Communications. Spread all of the sauce over the fillets. The diet of the orange roughy is depth-related, with adult diets inversely related to that of juveniles. In addition, a number of ecolabels exist to help retailers and consumers identify seafood that has been independently assessed against a robust, scientific standard. The thing about orange roughy fish is its tenderness and mild flavor. For many stocks, the lack of understanding of the biological characteristics meant that they were overfished. Catch limits exceeded recommended estimates of sustainable yields for a subsequent decade and catches were estimated to have exceeded those catch limits due to burst nets, escape windows in nets, and lost gear. In one New Zealand fishery, the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) was reduced in 2008 from 1,470 tonnes to 914 tonnes, but this reduction was challenged in court. Usually, 20 to 30 minutes is the longest you'll want your fish to stay in a marinade or even less if it's a thin piece. "Orange roughy: Down and out: An unsustainable seafood choice from a destructive trawl fishery", "Trawled fish on endangered list – Environment – Specials – smh.com.au", "Orange roughy decision shows changes are needed – Scoop News", Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_roughy&oldid=991939921, Articles with dead external links from October 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Many stocks (especially those off New Zealand and Australia, were first exploited in the late 1970s), became severely depleted within 3–20 years, but several have subsequently recovered to levels that fisheries management believe are sustainable, although substantially below unfished populations. Despite the Chatham Rise and Challenger stocks scoring slightly higher, there were no significant differences and all orange roughy caught in New Zealand waters is rated red, worst choice seafood. National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC. Want seafood news sent directly to your inbox? Exports of orange roughy provided an estimated revenue to New Zealand of NZ$53 million (US$37M) in 2015. It isn’t a chewy fish, nor does it taste “fishy”, and it can be cooked up in many ways. ... Orange Roughy with Dill Sauce. I just can't believe a fish market in Kansas had orange roughy. Orange roughy is most commonly found at the depth of 590 to 5,910 ft. Though some product is frozen twice (once aboard the boat and again after skinning and filleting), roughy maintains its quality remarkably well if frozen properly. Its rounded head is riddled with muciferous canals (part of the lateral line system), as is typical of slimeheads. The aggregations are not necessarily for spawning or feeding; the fish are thought to cycle through metabolicphases (active or feeding and inactive or resting) and seek ar… Status of seafood stocks - sustainability of catches Additionally, the average age of roughy caught in commercial fishing nets is from 30 to 50 years, which translates into a slow replacement rate and a high susceptibility to overfishing. Orange roughy can live for over 200 years. These high catch levels quickly decreased as stocks were fished down. The Ministry for Primary Industries is responsible for the implementation of the QMS and its enabling legislation, the Fisheries Act 1996. It has a mild taste with firm, finely-textured white flesh. The fishery was initiated in the mid-1970s, however full exploitation did not begin until 1979. No. These policies often involve partnering with Non-Governmental Organizations to define criteria for seafood that may be stocked. Orange Roughy became popular when stocks were first found by trawlers in the late 1970's. [9] If you want something similar look for cod, pollock, haddock turbot or even grouper. Like other slimeheads, orange roughy is slow-growing and late to mature, resulting in a very low resilience, making them extremely susceptible to overfishing. One of the best known such programmes is that of the Marine Stewardship Council. [8] "Orange roughy" was renamed from the less gastronomically-appealing "slime head" through a US National Marine Fisheries Service program during the late 1970s, which identified (then) underused species that should be renamed to make them more marketable. [1] The orange roughy is the longest-lived commercial fish species, and does not breed every year, which has important implications for its conservation status.[7]. China, in 2015, imported at least 4,000 tonnes (8.8 million lb) (mainly whole fish).